diff --git a/frontend/src/admin/AdminPortal.jsx b/frontend/src/admin/AdminPortal.jsx
index ec98dc0..6efd3d5 100644
--- a/frontend/src/admin/AdminPortal.jsx
+++ b/frontend/src/admin/AdminPortal.jsx
@@ -6,16 +6,22 @@ import StudentsView from './StudentsView'
 import InstructorsView from './InstructorsView'
 import AuditView from './AuditView'
 import AccountView from './AccountView'
+import LearningView from './LearningView'
+import AssessmentsView from './AssessmentsView'
 import styles from './Admin.module.css'
 
 // Instructor/Admin portal — clearly separate from the student experience (/admin route,
 // separate rn_instructor session cookie, separate login). A student session cannot reach any
 // of these views or their underlying /api/admin/* routes. Per-person accounts replace Phase
 // 2B's single shared ADMIN_PASSWORD — see docs/PHASE3A_IDENTITY_AND_INSTRUCTOR_ACCESS.md.
+// Learning/Assessments (Phase 3B) are visible to every instructor role — cohort scoping for a
+// plain 'instructor' happens server-side per route, not by hiding the whole tab.
 const NAV = [
   { key: 'dashboard', label: 'Dashboard' },
   { key: 'cohorts', label: 'Cohorts' },
   { key: 'students', label: 'Students' },
+  { key: 'learning', label: 'Learning' },
+  { key: 'assessments', label: 'Assessments' },
   { key: 'instructors', label: 'Instructors', roles: ['owner'] },
   { key: 'audit', label: 'Audit', roles: ['owner', 'admin'] },
 ]
@@ -53,6 +59,8 @@ export default function AdminPortal() {
         {view === 'dashboard' && <AdminDashboard />}
         {view === 'cohorts' && <CohortsView role={instructor.role} />}
         {view === 'students' && <StudentsView role={instructor.role} />}
+        {view === 'learning' && <LearningView />}
+        {view === 'assessments' && <AssessmentsView role={instructor.role} />}
         {view === 'instructors' && instructor.role === 'owner' && <InstructorsView currentInstructorId={instructor.instructor_id} />}
         {view === 'audit' && ['owner', 'admin'].includes(instructor.role) && <AuditView />}
         {view === 'account' && <AccountView instructor={instructor} />}
diff --git a/frontend/src/admin/AssessmentsView.jsx b/frontend/src/admin/AssessmentsView.jsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28cc4cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/admin/AssessmentsView.jsx
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+import { useState, useEffect, useCallback } from 'react'
+import { adminApi } from './api'
+import styles from './Admin.module.css'
+
+// Exam and Capstone definition/session management. Definition authoring (create/edit) is
+// admin/owner only server-side (RBAC) — a plain instructor can still assign an existing
+// definition to their own cohort and view/cancel sessions within it, so the form below is
+// always shown but the server will 403 a create/edit attempt from an instructor role; this
+// mirrors CohortsView's approach of not pre-emptively hiding every control, since assessments
+// are viewed by all roles and only definition-authoring is restricted.
+export default function AssessmentsView({ role }) {
+  const [assessments, setAssessments] = useState(null)
+  const [cohorts, setCohorts] = useState(null)
+  const [selected, setSelected] = useState(null)
+  const [error, setError] = useState(null)
+  const canAuthor = role === 'owner' || role === 'admin'
+
+  const reload = useCallback(() => {
+    adminApi.assessments().then(setAssessments).catch((e) => setError(e.message))
+    adminApi.cohorts().then(setCohorts).catch(() => {})
+  }, [])
+  useEffect(reload, [reload])
+
+  if (selected) return <AssessmentDetail definition={selected} cohorts={cohorts} onBack={() => { setSelected(null); reload() }} />
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {error && <div className={styles.errorBox}>{error}</div>}
+      {canAuthor && (
+        <div className={styles.card}>
+          <h2>Create assessment</h2>
+          <CreateAssessmentForm onCreated={reload} />
+        </div>
+      )}
+      <div className={styles.card}>
+        <h2>Exams &amp; Capstones</h2>
+        {!assessments ? <p className={styles.muted}>Loading…</p> : (
+          <table>
+            <thead><tr><th>Title</th><th>Type</th><th>Duration</th><th>Hints</th><th>Status</th><th /></tr></thead>
+            <tbody>
+              {assessments.map((a) => (
+                <tr key={a.assessment_definition_id}>
+                  <td>{a.title}</td>
+                  <td><span className={styles.pill}>{a.type}</span></td>
+                  <td>{a.duration_minutes} min</td>
+                  <td>{a.hint_policy}</td>
+                  <td><span className={`${styles.pill} ${a.status === 'active' ? styles.pillOk : styles.pillMuted}`}>{a.status}</span></td>
+                  <td><button className={styles.linkBtn} onClick={() => setSelected(a)}>Open</button></td>
+                </tr>
+              ))}
+            </tbody>
+          </table>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function CreateAssessmentForm({ onCreated }) {
+  const [form, setForm] = useState({ id: '', type: 'exam', title: '', duration_minutes: 60, hint_policy: 'disabled', pool_spec: '' })
+  const [error, setError] = useState(null)
+  const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false)
+
+  const submit = async (e) => {
+    e.preventDefault()
+    setBusy(true); setError(null)
+    try {
+      const pool_spec = JSON.parse(form.pool_spec || '{"required":[],"random":[]}')
+      await adminApi.createAssessment({ ...form, duration_minutes: Number(form.duration_minutes), pool_spec })
+      setForm({ id: '', type: 'exam', title: '', duration_minutes: 60, hint_policy: 'disabled', pool_spec: '' })
+      onCreated()
+    } catch (e) { setError(e.message?.includes('JSON') ? 'pool_spec must be valid JSON' : e.message) } finally { setBusy(false) }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <form onSubmit={submit}>
+      {error && <div className={styles.errorBox}>{error}</div>}
+      <div className={styles.formRow}>
+        <div><label className={styles.label}>ID (slug)</label>
+          <input className={styles.input} value={form.id} onChange={(e) => setForm({ ...form, id: e.target.value })} required /></div>
+        <div><label className={styles.label}>Title</label>
+          <input className={styles.input} value={form.title} onChange={(e) => setForm({ ...form, title: e.target.value })} required /></div>
+        <div><label className={styles.label}>Type</label>
+          <select className={styles.select} value={form.type} onChange={(e) => setForm({ ...form, type: e.target.value })}>
+            <option value="exam">exam</option><option value="capstone">capstone</option>
+          </select></div>
+        <div><label className={styles.label}>Duration (min)</label>
+          <input className={styles.input} type="number" value={form.duration_minutes} onChange={(e) => setForm({ ...form, duration_minutes: e.target.value })} required /></div>
+        <div><label className={styles.label}>Hint policy</label>
+          <select className={styles.select} value={form.hint_policy} onChange={(e) => setForm({ ...form, hint_policy: e.target.value })}>
+            <option value="disabled">disabled</option><option value="flagged">flagged</option><option value="free">free</option>
+          </select></div>
+      </div>
+      <label className={styles.label}>Pool spec (JSON)</label>
+      <textarea className={styles.input} style={{ width: '100%', fontFamily: 'var(--mono)', minHeight: '4rem' }}
+        placeholder='{"required":["scenario-id"],"random":[{"count":1,"from":["a","b"]}]}'
+        value={form.pool_spec} onChange={(e) => setForm({ ...form, pool_spec: e.target.value })} required />
+      <button className={styles.btn} style={{ marginTop: '0.75rem' }} disabled={busy}>{busy ? 'Creating…' : 'Create'}</button>
+    </form>
+  )
+}
+
+function AssessmentDetail({ definition, cohorts, onBack }) {
+  const [sessions, setSessions] = useState(null)
+  const [error, setError] = useState(null)
+  const [notice, setNotice] = useState(null)
+  const [cohortId, setCohortId] = useState(cohorts?.[0]?.cohort_id || '')
+  const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false)
+
+  const reload = useCallback(() => {
+    adminApi.assessmentSessions(definition.assessment_definition_id).then(setSessions).catch((e) => setError(e.message))
+  }, [definition])
+  useEffect(reload, [reload])
+
+  const assign = async () => {
+    setBusy(true); setError(null); setNotice(null)
+    try { await adminApi.assignAssessment(definition.assessment_definition_id, cohortId); setNotice('Assigned.') }
+    catch (e) { setError(e.message) } finally { setBusy(false) }
+  }
+
+  const cancelSession = async (sessionId) => {
+    if (!window.confirm('Cancel this session?')) return
+    try { await adminApi.cancelAssessmentSession(sessionId); reload() } catch (e) { setError(e.message) }
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <button className={styles.linkBtn} onClick={onBack}>&larr; Back to assessments</button>
+      <h2 style={{ margin: '1rem 0' }}>{definition.title} <span className={styles.muted}>({definition.type})</span></h2>
+      {error && <div className={styles.errorBox}>{error}</div>}
+      {notice && <p className={styles.muted}>{notice}</p>}
+
+      <div className={styles.card}>
+        <h3>Assign to cohort</h3>
+        <div className={styles.formRow}>
+          <div><select className={styles.select} value={cohortId} onChange={(e) => setCohortId(e.target.value)}>
+            {cohorts?.map((c) => <option key={c.cohort_id} value={c.cohort_id}>{c.name}</option>)}
+          </select></div>
+          <div><button className={styles.btn} disabled={busy || !cohortId} onClick={assign}>Assign</button></div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className={styles.card}>
+        <h3>Sessions</h3>
+        {!sessions ? <p className={styles.muted}>Loading…</p> : sessions.length === 0 ? <p className={styles.muted}>None yet.</p> : (
+          <table>
+            <thead><tr><th>Student</th><th>Status</th><th>Started</th><th>Result</th><th /></tr></thead>
+            <tbody>
+              {sessions.map((s) => (
+                <tr key={s.assessment_session_id}>
+                  <td>{s.display_name}</td>
+                  <td><span className={`${styles.pill} ${s.status === 'completed' ? styles.pillOk : s.status === 'expired' ? styles.pillErr : styles.pillWarn}`}>{s.status}</span></td>
+                  <td>{s.started_at ? new Date(s.started_at).toLocaleString() : '—'}</td>
+                  <td>{s.result ? `${s.result.scenarios_passed}/${s.result.scenarios_total}` : '—'}</td>
+                  <td>{['not_started', 'in_progress'].includes(s.status) && <button className={styles.linkBtn} onClick={() => cancelSession(s.assessment_session_id)}>Cancel</button>}</td>
+                </tr>
+              ))}
+            </tbody>
+          </table>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/admin/LearningView.jsx b/frontend/src/admin/LearningView.jsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..880ea17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/admin/LearningView.jsx
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import { useState, useEffect, useCallback } from 'react'
+import { adminApi } from './api'
+import styles from './Admin.module.css'
+
+// Instructor learning analytics — cohort summary, "needs attention," per-scenario analytics,
+// and a student drill-down. Deliberately no leaderboards or scoring language — this is
+// instructional visibility, not a ranking (docs/PHASE3B_LEARNING_AND_ASSESSMENT.md §13).
+export default function LearningView() {
+  const [cohorts, setCohorts] = useState(null)
+  const [cohortId, setCohortId] = useState(null)
+  const [summary, setSummary] = useState(null)
+  const [needsAttention, setNeedsAttention] = useState(null)
+  const [scenarioStats, setScenarioStats] = useState(null)
+  const [selectedStudent, setSelectedStudent] = useState(null)
+  const [error, setError] = useState(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => { adminApi.cohorts().then((c) => { setCohorts(c); if (c[0]) setCohortId(c[0].cohort_id) }).catch((e) => setError(e.message)) }, [])
+
+  const reload = useCallback(() => {
+    if (!cohortId) return
+    adminApi.cohortLearning(cohortId).then(setSummary).catch((e) => setError(e.message))
+    adminApi.needsAttention(cohortId).then(setNeedsAttention).catch((e) => setError(e.message))
+    adminApi.scenarioAnalytics(cohortId).then(setScenarioStats).catch((e) => setError(e.message))
+  }, [cohortId])
+  useEffect(reload, [reload])
+
+  if (selectedStudent) return <StudentLearningDetail studentId={selectedStudent} onBack={() => setSelectedStudent(null)} />
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      {error && <div className={styles.errorBox}>{error}</div>}
+      <div className={styles.card}>
+        <label className={styles.label}>Cohort</label>
+        <select className={styles.select} value={cohortId || ''} onChange={(e) => setCohortId(e.target.value)}>
+          {cohorts?.map((c) => <option key={c.cohort_id} value={c.cohort_id}>{c.name}</option>)}
+        </select>
+      </div>
+
+      {summary && (
+        <div className={styles.card}>
+          <h2>Cohort Summary</h2>
+          <div className={styles.statGrid}>
+            <div className={styles.statCard}><div className={styles.statValue}>{summary.student_count}</div><div className={styles.statLabel}>Students</div></div>
+            <div className={styles.statCard}><div className={styles.statValue}>{summary.active_learners}</div><div className={styles.statLabel}>Active (7d)</div></div>
+            <div className={styles.statCard}><div className={styles.statValue}>{summary.overall_completion_pct}%</div><div className={styles.statLabel}>Avg. Completion</div></div>
+          </div>
+          <table>
+            <thead><tr><th>Stage</th><th>Students Complete</th></tr></thead>
+            <tbody>
+              {summary.stages.map((s) => (
+                <tr key={s.id}><td>{s.name}</td><td>{s.completedBy}/{summary.student_count} ({s.pct}%)</td></tr>
+              ))}
+            </tbody>
+          </table>
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      <div className={styles.card}>
+        <h2>Needs Attention</h2>
+        {!needsAttention ? <p className={styles.muted}>Loading…</p> : needsAttention.length === 0 ? <p className={styles.muted}>No signals right now.</p> : (
+          <table>
+            <thead><tr><th>Student</th><th>Signal</th><th>Detail</th><th /></tr></thead>
+            <tbody>
+              {needsAttention.map((s, i) => (
+                <tr key={i}>
+                  <td>{s.display_name}</td>
+                  <td><span className={`${styles.pill} ${styles.pillWarn}`}>{s.label}</span></td>
+                  <td className={styles.muted}>{s.detail}</td>
+                  <td><button className={styles.linkBtn} onClick={() => setSelectedStudent(s.student_id)}>View</button></td>
+                </tr>
+              ))}
+            </tbody>
+          </table>
+        )}
+      </div>
+
+      <div className={styles.card}>
+        <h2>Scenario Analytics</h2>
+        {!scenarioStats ? <p className={styles.muted}>Loading…</p> : (
+          <table>
+            <thead><tr><th>Scenario</th><th>Completions</th><th>Avg Attempts</th><th>Failures</th><th>Hints Used</th><th>Avg Time</th></tr></thead>
+            <tbody>
+              {scenarioStats.map((s) => (
+                <tr key={s.scenario_id}>
+                  <td>{s.scenario_id}</td><td>{s.completions}</td><td>{s.avg_attempts}</td>
+                  <td>{s.total_failures}</td><td>{s.total_hints_used}</td>
+                  <td>{s.avg_duration_seconds ? `${Math.round(s.avg_duration_seconds / 60)}m` : '—'}</td>
+                </tr>
+              ))}
+            </tbody>
+          </table>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </>
+  )
+}
+
+function StudentLearningDetail({ studentId, onBack }) {
+  const [data, setData] = useState(null)
+  const [error, setError] = useState(null)
+
+  useEffect(() => { adminApi.studentLearning(studentId).then(setData).catch((e) => setError(e.message)) }, [studentId])
+
+  if (error) return <div className={styles.errorBox}>{error}</div>
+  if (!data) return <p className={styles.muted}>Loading…</p>
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <button className={styles.linkBtn} onClick={onBack}>&larr; Back</button>
+      <h2 style={{ margin: '1rem 0' }}>{studentId}</h2>
+
+      {data.curriculum && (
+        <div className={styles.card}>
+          <h3>Curriculum ({data.curriculum.percent_complete}%)</h3>
+          {data.curriculum.stages.map((s) => (
+            <div key={s.id} style={{ fontSize: '0.85rem', padding: '0.2rem 0' }}>
+              {s.complete ? '✅' : s.locked ? '🔒' : '🟡'} {s.name} — {s.completed}/{s.total}
+            </div>
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      <div className={styles.card}>
+        <h3>Attempts</h3>
+        <table>
+          <thead><tr><th>Scenario</th><th>Status</th><th>Validations</th><th>Hints (max level)</th><th>Duration</th></tr></thead>
+          <tbody>
+            {data.attempts.map((a, i) => (
+              <tr key={i}>
+                <td>{a.scenario_id}</td>
+                <td><span className={`${styles.pill} ${a.status === 'completed' ? styles.pillOk : styles.pillWarn}`}>{a.status}</span></td>
+                <td>{a.validation_pass_count} passed, {a.validation_fail_count} failed</td>
+                <td>{a.hint_count} ({a.highest_hint_level})</td>
+                <td>{a.duration_seconds ? `${Math.round(a.duration_seconds / 60)}m` : '—'}</td>
+              </tr>
+            ))}
+          </tbody>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className={styles.card}>
+        <h3>Assessment History</h3>
+        {data.assessment_sessions.length === 0 ? <p className={styles.muted}>None yet.</p> : (
+          <table>
+            <thead><tr><th>Assessment</th><th>Status</th><th>Result</th></tr></thead>
+            <tbody>
+              {data.assessment_sessions.map((s) => (
+                <tr key={s.assessment_session_id}>
+                  <td>{s.title}</td>
+                  <td><span className={`${styles.pill} ${s.status === 'completed' ? styles.pillOk : styles.pillMuted}`}>{s.status}</span></td>
+                  <td>{s.result ? `${s.result.scenarios_passed}/${s.result.scenarios_total}` : '—'}</td>
+                </tr>
+              ))}
+            </tbody>
+          </table>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/frontend/src/admin/api.js b/frontend/src/admin/api.js
index fc30f34..d8a60bd 100644
--- a/frontend/src/admin/api.js
+++ b/frontend/src/admin/api.js
@@ -80,4 +80,18 @@ export const adminApi = {
   resetInstructorPassword: (id, new_password) => post(`/api/admin/instructors/${id}/reset-password`, { new_password }),
 
   auditEvents: () => get('/api/admin/audit-events'),
+
+  // ── Phase 3B: learning analytics ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  cohortLearning: (id) => get(`/api/admin/cohorts/${id}/learning`),
+  studentLearning: (id) => get(`/api/admin/students/${id}/learning`),
+  scenarioAnalytics: (cohortId) => get(`/api/admin/scenario-analytics${cohortId ? `?cohort_id=${cohortId}` : ''}`),
+  needsAttention: (cohortId) => get(`/api/admin/cohorts/${cohortId}/needs-attention`),
+
+  // ── Phase 3B: assessment (exam + capstone) management ───────────────────────────────────
+  assessments: () => get('/api/admin/assessments'),
+  createAssessment: (fields) => post('/api/admin/assessments', fields),
+  updateAssessment: (id, fields) => patch(`/api/admin/assessments/${id}`, fields),
+  assignAssessment: (id, cohort_id) => post(`/api/admin/assessments/${id}/assign`, { cohort_id }),
+  assessmentSessions: (id) => get(`/api/admin/assessments/${id}/sessions`),
+  cancelAssessmentSession: (sessionId) => post(`/api/admin/assessment-sessions/${sessionId}/cancel`),
 }
diff --git a/platform/api/src/admin-learning-routes.js b/platform/api/src/admin-learning-routes.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6ccdcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/platform/api/src/admin-learning-routes.js
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+// Instructor/Admin learning API — cohort/student/scenario analytics, "needs attention," and
+// assessment (exam + capstone) definition/session management. Same RBAC shape as
+// admin-routes.js: owner/admin get broad or global access, a plain 'instructor' is scoped to
+// their assigned cohorts (see rbac.js). Assessment/capstone DEFINITION authoring (create/edit/
+// activate) stays admin/owner-only — assigning an already-approved assessment to one of their
+// own cohorts, and viewing/canceling sessions within their scope, is what a plain instructor
+// can do, per the Phase 3B RBAC matrix.
+
+const { computeCurriculumState } = require('./curriculum-rules');
+
+const NEEDS_ATTENTION_FAIL_THRESHOLD = 3;   // repeated validation failures on one scenario
+const NEEDS_ATTENTION_STALE_DAYS = 7;       // no progress in this many days
+
+module.exports = function registerAdminLearningRoutes(app, deps) {
+  const { instructorSession, rbac, curriculum, getPool, loadProgress, recordAudit } = deps;
+  const { requireAdminOrOwner, requireAnyInstructor, requireCohortAccess, requireStudentCohortAccess } = rbac;
+
+  function wrap(fn) {
+    return (req, res, next) => {
+      try { const r = fn(req, res, next); if (r && r.catch) r.catch(next); } catch (e) { next(e); }
+    };
+  }
+  const admin = {
+    get: (p, ...mw) => app.get(p, instructorSession, ...mw.map(wrap)),
+    post: (p, ...mw) => app.post(p, instructorSession, ...mw.map(wrap)),
+    patch: (p, ...mw) => app.patch(p, instructorSession, ...mw.map(wrap)),
+  };
+
+  // ── Cohort learning summary ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  admin.get('/api/admin/cohorts/:id/learning', requireAnyInstructor, requireCohortAccess('id'), async (req, res) => {
+    const pool = getPool();
+    const path = curriculum.loadCurriculumPath();
+    const { rows: students } = await pool.query(
+      `SELECT s.student_id, s.display_name, s.last_active_at FROM cohort_enrollments e
+       JOIN students s ON s.student_id = e.student_id
+       WHERE e.cohort_id = $1 AND e.enrollment_status = 'enrolled'`,
+      [req.params.id]
+    );
+    const stageTotals = path ? path.stages.filter((s) => s.type !== 'capstone').map((s) => ({ id: s.id, name: s.name, completedBy: 0 })) : [];
+    let overallPct = 0, activeLearners = 0;
+    const staleCutoff = Date.now() - NEEDS_ATTENTION_STALE_DAYS * 86400000;
+    for (const s of students) {
+      const progress = await loadProgress(pool, s.student_id);
+      const state = path ? computeCurriculumState(path, progress) : { stages: [], percent_complete: 0 };
+      overallPct += state.percent_complete;
+      if (s.last_active_at && new Date(s.last_active_at).getTime() > staleCutoff) activeLearners++;
+      state.stages.forEach((st, i) => { if (st.complete) stageTotals[i].completedBy++; });
+    }
+    res.json({
+      student_count: students.length,
+      active_learners: activeLearners,
+      overall_completion_pct: students.length ? Math.round(overallPct / students.length) : 0,
+      stages: stageTotals.map((s) => ({ ...s, pct: students.length ? Math.round((s.completedBy / students.length) * 100) : 0 })),
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ── Student learning detail ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  admin.get('/api/admin/students/:id/learning', requireAnyInstructor, requireStudentCohortAccess('id'), async (req, res) => {
+    const pool = getPool();
+    const path = curriculum.loadCurriculumPath();
+    const progress = await loadProgress(pool, req.params.id);
+    const capstoneAchievement = (await pool.query(
+      `SELECT * FROM achievements WHERE student_id = $1 AND achievement_type = 'capstone_completed' LIMIT 1`, [req.params.id]
+    )).rows[0];
+    const state = path ? computeCurriculumState(path, progress, capstoneAchievement ? 'completed' : undefined) : null;
+
+    const { rows: attempts } = await pool.query(
+      `SELECT scenario_id, status, result, validation_attempt_count, validation_pass_count, validation_fail_count,
+              hint_count, highest_hint_level, duration_seconds, started_at, completed_at
+       FROM scenario_attempts WHERE student_id = $1 ORDER BY started_at DESC NULLS LAST LIMIT 100`,
+      [req.params.id]
+    );
+    const { rows: assessmentSessions } = await pool.query(
+      `SELECT assessment_session_id, assessment_definition_id, type, title, status, started_at, submitted_at, result
+       FROM assessment_sessions WHERE student_id = $1 ORDER BY created_at DESC`,
+      [req.params.id]
+    );
+    res.json({
+      curriculum: state, attempts, assessment_sessions: assessmentSessions,
+      achievements: (await pool.query(`SELECT * FROM achievements WHERE student_id = $1 ORDER BY achieved_at DESC`, [req.params.id])).rows,
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ── Scenario analytics ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  admin.get('/api/admin/scenario-analytics', requireAnyInstructor, async (req, res) => {
+    const pool = getPool();
+    const cohortId = req.query.cohort_id || null;
+    if (req.instructor.role === 'instructor') {
+      if (!cohortId) return res.status(400).json({ error: 'cohort_id is required for the instructor role' });
+      const { rowCount } = await pool.query(`SELECT 1 FROM cohort_instructors WHERE cohort_id = $1 AND instructor_id = $2`, [cohortId, req.instructor.instructor_id]);
+      if (!rowCount) return res.status(403).json({ error: 'forbidden' });
+    }
+    const { rows } = await pool.query(
+      `SELECT scenario_id,
+              count(*) FILTER (WHERE status = 'completed')::int AS completions,
+              count(DISTINCT student_id)::int AS distinct_students,
+              avg(validation_attempt_count)::numeric(10,1) AS avg_attempts,
+              sum(validation_fail_count)::int AS total_failures,
+              sum(hint_count)::int AS total_hints_used,
+              avg(duration_seconds) FILTER (WHERE duration_seconds IS NOT NULL)::int AS avg_duration_seconds
+       FROM scenario_attempts
+       WHERE ($1::text IS NULL OR cohort_id = $1)
+       GROUP BY scenario_id ORDER BY completions DESC`,
+      [cohortId]
+    );
+    res.json(rows);
+  });
+
+  // ── Needs attention ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  admin.get('/api/admin/cohorts/:id/needs-attention', requireAnyInstructor, requireCohortAccess('id'), async (req, res) => {
+    const pool = getPool();
+    const staleCutoff = new Date(Date.now() - NEEDS_ATTENTION_STALE_DAYS * 86400000);
+    const { rows: students } = await pool.query(
+      `SELECT s.student_id, s.display_name, s.last_active_at FROM cohort_enrollments e
+       JOIN students s ON s.student_id = e.student_id WHERE e.cohort_id = $1 AND e.enrollment_status = 'enrolled'`,
+      [req.params.id]
+    );
+    const signals = [];
+    for (const s of students) {
+      const { rows: stuck } = await pool.query(
+        `SELECT scenario_id, validation_fail_count, highest_hint_level FROM scenario_attempts
+         WHERE student_id = $1 AND status = 'in_progress' AND validation_fail_count >= $2
+         ORDER BY validation_fail_count DESC LIMIT 1`,
+        [s.student_id, NEEDS_ATTENTION_FAIL_THRESHOLD]
+      );
+      if (stuck[0]) {
+        signals.push({ student_id: s.student_id, display_name: s.display_name, reason: 'repeated_attempts',
+          label: 'Repeated Attempts', scenario_id: stuck[0].scenario_id, detail: `${stuck[0].validation_fail_count} failed validations` });
+      }
+      const { rows: maxedHints } = await pool.query(
+        `SELECT sa.scenario_id, sa.highest_hint_level FROM scenario_attempts sa
+         WHERE sa.student_id = $1 AND sa.status = 'in_progress' AND sa.highest_hint_level > 0 LIMIT 1`,
+        [s.student_id]
+      );
+      if (maxedHints[0]) {
+        signals.push({ student_id: s.student_id, display_name: s.display_name, reason: 'used_hints',
+          label: 'May Need Help', scenario_id: maxedHints[0].scenario_id, detail: `hint level ${maxedHints[0].highest_hint_level} used, still in progress` });
+      }
+      if (!s.last_active_at || new Date(s.last_active_at) < staleCutoff) {
+        signals.push({ student_id: s.student_id, display_name: s.display_name, reason: 'inactive',
+          label: 'Needs Attention', detail: s.last_active_at ? `inactive since ${s.last_active_at}` : 'never active' });
+      }
+      const { rows: failedAssessment } = await pool.query(
+        `SELECT assessment_session_id, title FROM assessment_sessions WHERE student_id = $1 AND status = 'expired' ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 1`,
+        [s.student_id]
+      );
+      if (failedAssessment[0]) {
+        signals.push({ student_id: s.student_id, display_name: s.display_name, reason: 'incomplete_assessment',
+          label: 'Needs Attention', detail: `"${failedAssessment[0].title}" expired without completion` });
+      }
+    }
+    res.json(signals);
+  });
+
+  // ── Assessment definitions ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  admin.get('/api/admin/assessments', requireAnyInstructor, async (req, res) => {
+    const { rows } = await getPool().query(`SELECT * FROM assessment_definitions ORDER BY type, title`);
+    res.json(rows);
+  });
+
+  admin.post('/api/admin/assessments', requireAdminOrOwner, async (req, res) => {
+    const { id, type, title, description, duration_minutes, hint_policy, pool_spec, completion_rule, unlock_rule } = req.body || {};
+    if (!id || !type || !title || !duration_minutes || !pool_spec) {
+      return res.status(400).json({ error: 'id, type, title, duration_minutes, and pool_spec are required' });
+    }
+    if (!['exam', 'capstone'].includes(type)) return res.status(400).json({ error: 'invalid type' });
+    const pool = getPool();
+    try {
+      await pool.query(
+        `INSERT INTO assessment_definitions (assessment_definition_id, type, title, description, duration_minutes, hint_policy, pool_spec, completion_rule, unlock_rule, created_by)
+         VALUES ($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$10)`,
+        [id, type, title, description || null, duration_minutes, hint_policy || 'disabled', JSON.stringify(pool_spec),
+          JSON.stringify(completion_rule || { type: 'all_scenarios_passed' }), unlock_rule ? JSON.stringify(unlock_rule) : null, req.instructor.instructor_id]
+      );
+    } catch (e) {
+      if (e.code === '23505') return res.status(409).json({ error: 'id already exists' });
+      throw e;
+    }
+    await recordAudit(pool, { actorType: 'instructor', actorId: req.instructor.instructor_id, action: 'assessment_create', resourceType: 'assessment_definition', resourceId: id, result: 'success', sourceIp: req.ip });
+    res.status(201).json({ id });
+  });
+
+  admin.patch('/api/admin/assessments/:id', requireAdminOrOwner, async (req, res) => {
+    const { title, description, duration_minutes, hint_policy, pool_spec, completion_rule, unlock_rule, status } = req.body || {};
+    const pool = getPool();
+    const { rows } = await pool.query(`SELECT * FROM assessment_definitions WHERE assessment_definition_id = $1`, [req.params.id]);
+    const current = rows[0];
+    if (!current) return res.status(404).json({ error: 'not found' });
+
+    // Anything that would change what an in-progress session is graded against bumps the
+    // version — already-started sessions keep their own snapshot, so this never changes a
+    // result retroactively.
+    const semanticChange = [
+      duration_minutes !== undefined && duration_minutes !== current.duration_minutes,
+      hint_policy !== undefined && hint_policy !== current.hint_policy,
+      pool_spec !== undefined && JSON.stringify(pool_spec) !== JSON.stringify(current.pool_spec),
+      completion_rule !== undefined && JSON.stringify(completion_rule) !== JSON.stringify(current.completion_rule),
+    ].some(Boolean);
+
+    const fields = ['updated_at = now()'], values = [];
+    const set = (col, val) => { values.push(val); fields.push(`${col} = $${values.length}`); };
+    if (title !== undefined) set('title', title);
+    if (description !== undefined) set('description', description);
+    if (duration_minutes !== undefined) set('duration_minutes', duration_minutes);
+    if (hint_policy !== undefined) set('hint_policy', hint_policy);
+    if (pool_spec !== undefined) set('pool_spec', JSON.stringify(pool_spec));
+    if (completion_rule !== undefined) set('completion_rule', JSON.stringify(completion_rule));
+    if (unlock_rule !== undefined) set('unlock_rule', JSON.stringify(unlock_rule));
+    if (status !== undefined && ['active', 'inactive'].includes(status)) set('status', status);
+    if (semanticChange) { values.push(current.version + 1); fields.push(`version = $${values.length}`); }
+    values.push(req.params.id);
+    await pool.query(`UPDATE assessment_definitions SET ${fields.join(', ')} WHERE assessment_definition_id = $${values.length}`, values);
+    await recordAudit(pool, { actorType: 'instructor', actorId: req.instructor.instructor_id, action: 'assessment_update', resourceType: 'assessment_definition', resourceId: req.params.id, result: 'success', sourceIp: req.ip, metadata: { semanticChange } });
+    res.json({ ok: true, version_bumped: semanticChange });
+  });
+
+  admin.post('/api/admin/assessments/:id/assign', requireAnyInstructor, async (req, res) => {
+    const { cohort_id } = req.body || {};
+    if (!cohort_id) return res.status(400).json({ error: 'cohort_id required' });
+    if (req.instructor.role === 'instructor') {
+      const { rowCount } = await getPool().query(`SELECT 1 FROM cohort_instructors WHERE cohort_id = $1 AND instructor_id = $2`, [cohort_id, req.instructor.instructor_id]);
+      if (!rowCount) return res.status(403).json({ error: 'forbidden' });
+    }
+    const pool = getPool();
+    await pool.query(
+      `INSERT INTO assessment_cohort_assignments (assessment_definition_id, cohort_id, assigned_by) VALUES ($1,$2,$3)
+       ON CONFLICT (assessment_definition_id, cohort_id) DO NOTHING`,
+      [req.params.id, cohort_id, req.instructor.instructor_id]
+    );
+    await recordAudit(pool, { actorType: 'instructor', actorId: req.instructor.instructor_id, action: 'assessment_assign', resourceType: 'assessment_definition', resourceId: req.params.id, result: 'success', sourceIp: req.ip, metadata: { cohort_id } });
+    res.json({ ok: true });
+  });
+
+  admin.get('/api/admin/assessments/:id/sessions', requireAnyInstructor, async (req, res) => {
+    const pool = getPool();
+    let scopeFilter = '';
+    const params = [req.params.id];
+    if (req.instructor.role === 'instructor') {
+      scopeFilter = `AND s.cohort_id IN (SELECT cohort_id FROM cohort_instructors WHERE instructor_id = $2)`;
+      params.push(req.instructor.instructor_id);
+    }
+    const { rows } = await pool.query(
+      `SELECT s.assessment_session_id, s.student_id, st.display_name, s.status, s.started_at, s.submitted_at, s.expires_at, s.result
+       FROM assessment_sessions s JOIN students st ON st.student_id = s.student_id
+       WHERE s.assessment_definition_id = $1 ${scopeFilter} ORDER BY s.created_at DESC`,
+      params
+    );
+    res.json(rows);
+  });
+
+  admin.post('/api/admin/assessment-sessions/:sessionId/cancel', requireAnyInstructor, async (req, res) => {
+    const pool = getPool();
+    const { rows } = await pool.query(`SELECT * FROM assessment_sessions WHERE assessment_session_id = $1`, [req.params.sessionId]);
+    const session = rows[0];
+    if (!session) return res.status(404).json({ error: 'not found' });
+    if (req.instructor.role === 'instructor') {
+      const { rowCount } = await pool.query(`SELECT 1 FROM cohort_instructors WHERE cohort_id = $1 AND instructor_id = $2`, [session.cohort_id, req.instructor.instructor_id]);
+      if (!rowCount) return res.status(403).json({ error: 'forbidden' });
+    }
+    await pool.query(`UPDATE assessment_sessions SET status = 'cancelled', submitted_at = COALESCE(submitted_at, now()) WHERE assessment_session_id = $1 AND status IN ('not_started','in_progress')`, [req.params.sessionId]);
+    await recordAudit(pool, { actorType: 'instructor', actorId: req.instructor.instructor_id, action: 'assessment_session_cancel', resourceType: 'assessment_session', resourceId: req.params.sessionId, result: 'success', sourceIp: req.ip });
+    res.json({ ok: true });
+  });
+};